Ebook The Pact: A Love Story, by Jodi Picoult

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The Pact: A Love Story, by Jodi Picoult

Ebook The Pact: A Love Story, by Jodi Picoult

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About the Author

Jodi Picoult is the author of twenty-two novels, including the #1 New York Times bestsellers The Storyteller, Lone Wolf, Between the Lines, Sing You Home, House Rules, Handle with Care, Change of Heart, Nineteen Minutes, and My Sister's Keeper. She lives in New Hampshire with her husband and three children.

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Product details

Mass Market Paperback: 512 pages

Publisher: Avon (August 29, 2006)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 9780061150142

ISBN-13: 978-0061150142

ASIN: 0061150142

Product Dimensions:

4.2 x 1 x 6.8 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.4 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.4 out of 5 stars

2,800 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#93,697 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

I know i am late to the party but this book annoyed me so much that i just couldn't not leave a review. I literally threw my kindle away in disgust after finishing this. I can't even describe my feelings - disgust, anger, frustration - all rolled into one.I really fail to understand why so many people loved this and are hailing it as some kind of eternal love story. This is as far away from a love story as you can get. There was nothing sweet or romantic about Chris and Emily to me. Their relationship was slightly creepy and very, very forced. Why the hell were the parents shoving a relationship down their throats? And why were the parents so weird anyway....the dad refusing to testify for his own son, the other mom hell bent on destroying Chris' life even though she knew the truth (and this was the woman who loved him like a son and was cheering all the way for them to marry each other)?? But the parents are the least of my complaints with this book. My biggest complaint is the way such a serious topic has been trivialized.See, here is the thing. People who are not mental health experts are absolutely not equipped to deal with serious issues like severe depression and suicidal tendencies. No matter how much we love someone, we cannot talk or "cheer" them out of depression. I can cheer someone and help them if they are having a bad day at work or some tangible crisis. But if they are seriously depressed and start creating project plans for suicide, i would never ever assume that i know whats best for them (even though i have a slight background in mental health research). That's what the mental health experts are there for. That's why we invest so much in mental health research. If treating depression was as simple as taking the person out on a few dates and asking them "what happened", most depressed people would never need any help cos their families would be able to do it. And most depressed people would also likely commit suicide if that is the total extent of help they receive.I know many people said "chris was a teenager who didn't know better". I beg to differ. First of all "Chris" might have been a teenager but Jodi isn't. She should have known better than to glorify suicide as some kind of pinnacle of romantic dreams. Secondly, the entire book is built on the premise of their "incredibly mature" relationship. He did mention going to a psychiatrist but just couldn't be arsed to do anything about it. For all their "incredible maturity" and "mental connect", he didn't even have the sense or sensitivity to wait till she was ready for sex. Even though she made it clear plenty of times that she is not comfortable, he literally forced her into it. He comes across as hardly better than an idiotic, kinda abusive jerk of a boyfriend. He "knew" she was beyond repair how?? Because he tried to take her out on dates and "make passionate love" to her, and it didn't work!! Well, big surprise, seeing how she hated sex with him anyway even when she was not depressed. He was the one who constantly wanted it. Way to put someone's needs above yours.As for her, she could go to an abortion clinic multiple times even stealing money from her parents but couldn't or wouldn't seek help from a psychiatrist? Fine, she was depressed and unwilling, I can understand that. But why keep calling it "love"? If she really loved him , wouldn't she atleast try? Rather than leaving him to mop up the mess and possibly get accused of her murder? Rather than leaving him to deal with the pain and sorrow and guilt and accusations? Rather than trying to coax him to commit suicide too? Atleast she could have left him out of it. Hell, she couldn't even be bothered to leave a note absolving him of blame. And this is "true love"?This book had such a strong premise. The author could have done so much with it. Instead, she treats suicide like some glorious romantic adventure. its not. Unlike chronic illnesses, depression is treatable and many times curable. Helping Emily die was in no way an act of love. If he had truly loved her, he would have done what she needed rather than what she said she wanted. Indeed, there was nothing strange about Emily's behaviour considering she was depressed. It is pretty typical for depressed people (esp due to sexual abuse) to refuse help, to refuse to share details, to feel ashamed and guilty, to push their loved ones away etc. If everybody whose loved ones are depressed just assumed that they are beyond help based on such behaviour, there would be nobody who survives depression. Emily would most likely have been ok if chris had gotten her proper help rather than assuming that she was beyond help. He was in no way equipped to deal with her depression. He did not have the expertise, experience, maturity, qualifications, skills or sensitivity to help her. He had no way of knowing whether she was beyond repair or not. In fact, he didn't even know why she was depressed. Emily had a supportive family, she had resources, her parents were well to do, she had plenty to look forward to, she had her art....if she had received help, she would have probably been ok. In any case, we would never know because of Chris and his "true love".What irritates me most is when people try to defend the story saying "this is what true love is all about". No, it is not. If you have someone who is depressed and wants to commit suicide, and you truly love them, you need to get them help. Not assume that you know best, make some lame attempts to "cheer them up" and give up on them when your amateur attempts are (obviously) not working. And for god's sake, please DON'T shoot them when they say they want to commit suicide, because hey, that's what they want, right? This, in fact, is what true stupidity, idiotic presumptions and selfishness is all about.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ok, rant over, i can now get on with my day. I think i almost wrote an essay there, that's how angry i was.

I've read Jodi Picoult; I've enjoyed much of what I've read, but I did not enjoy this book. Not because she is not a good writer -- we all know she's a good writer -- but this story felt like a YA tragedy attempting, unsuccessfully, to appeal to adults. Not sure. I am sure I found it problematic.First of all, "a love story" it is not (fyi: on some copies that is the subtitle). It is the story of suicide, mental illness and emotional compulsion; misguided thinking and extremely poor parenting, and given that the ending did not offer answers or a moral to make this horrific journey have appropriate meaning or make any particular statement, I was left disappointed and annoyed. Teen suicide is a big issue and certainly any exploration of it is meritorious; this was not that.In fact, why, exactly, a beautiful young girl from a seemingly happy family would so desperately want to kill herself was left unexplored, as was why the boy who loved her (written as very bright and mature) didn't have the sense or even a modicum of wisdom to turn to either set of parents or any adult mentor to help him guide this "love of his life" to a different conclusion. Instead, the writer seems to make the point that they were destined for love, and their love was so deep, so great, that BECAUSE of that deep love, he'd painfully and reluctantly, but nonetheless factually, go ahead and help her kill herself. OH FOR GOD'S SAKE... PLEASE!!!Unless I missed it somewhere, the inciting incident that purportedly drove this young woman crazy was not explained. There was some implication of a sexual abuse event or ongoing event (who knew? it was never explained!), so perhaps that was it, but the entire book devotes itself to her deep, deep NEED to kill herself, to engage her young lover to HELP her kill herself (without any thought to the impact on his life, mind you), without ever making clear, either through logical, obvious questioning by her lover, some confessional dialogue from her, or simply within the narrative voice, why this child was so profoundly and deathly depressed. Seemed a critically important element to leave out or gloss over.On top of this YA mess, we then have the adults in the room, two couples who I think we're supposed to like or sorta like, who, from the minute these children are born, one for each family, act as though it is a foregone conclusion that they are irrevocably wed for life. Given the absoluteness with which the adults express that conviction, I found myself feeling literally suffocated by the presumption (what if they'd fallen in love with, say, DIFFERENT teenagers??). And, certainly, if the writer had chosen to make THAT the core of the children's dysfunctions, she might have had a decent story. She did not choose that path.So the book begins with the suicide, spends much time on backstory, painting a golden picture of two golden families and their golden children, to lead us to the trial of the boy (who is accused of homicide), and within all that, we're supposed to come away with some impression of... what? That suicide is bad/good/unstoppable? That 'true love' transcends fighting for someone's life? That these two marriages were really so dysfunctional that life was too depressing to live for one child and too tunnel-visioned on being "the good boyfriend" to actually save life of the one he loves? WHAT?Sigh. I don't know. Maybe the writers' fans will love this book regardless of these many issues, I did not. I found the suicide through line to be not credible and almost irresponsible. The only message I would want to leave any potential (and especially younger) readers is: even the most dreadful of lives can turn for the better with personal and professional help, so seek that help; reach out to adults and mentors; additionally, don't HELP someone kill themselves out of "love" or any other misguided notions of affection; realize just how precious life is and how strongly even the suicidal person will believe that once past the crisis.

Similar to "Defending Jacob". It's a good book and very well performed but not her best work. A tale of teen-suicide but you never really got to what was so horribly wrong to want the teen to kill herself. Yes, a horrible incident in her childhood would have likely scarred her but I never understood why she couldn't tell her best friend/soul mate or her parents. Also couldn't wrap my head around this being what caused her to kill herself all these years later when she had so many positive things to counter it. I suppose a little more detail about how the incident effected her growing up or why she felt she couldn't tell would have helped develop the plot more. Still a decent read.

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Ebook Download Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence, by Karen Armstrong

Ebook Download Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence, by Karen Armstrong

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Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence, by Karen Armstrong

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Review

“Elegant and powerful. . . . Both erudite and accurate, dazzling in its breadth of knowledge and historical detail.” —The Washington Post“Consistently surprising and illuminating, Fields of Blood should be read by anyone interested in understanding the interaction of religion with violence in the modern world.” —The New Republic“Convincing. . . . Careful, fair and true.” —The New York Times Book Review   “Makes a powerful case. . . . The argument is what matters, and hers is strong enough to change minds.” —The Christian Science Monitor“A compelling examination of the true forces underlying religious violence.” —The Huffington Post “Written in a lucid and fleet prose. . . . [Armstrong is] one of the keenest minds working on understanding the role religion plays in cultures around the globe.” —Minneapolis Star Tribune “Panoramic work. . . . Enjoyable and informative.” —Salon “A valuable, readable rebuttal of a pernicious contemporary myth. . . . Armstrong goes through the centuries and assorted cultures to demonstrate again and again how religious principles and religious leaders were co-opted to support warfare.” —St. Louis Post-Dispatch “A tour-de-force of the history of the world’s major religions. . . . Fields of Blood is thought-provoking as it examines one of the more fascinating elements of human civilization.” —Pittsburgh Post-Gazette “Armstrong is doing us a great service. . . . We feel we are in the hands of an expert.” —The Guardian (London) “Riveting . . . [A] mighty offering . . . Armstrong is one of our most erudite expositors of religion.” —The Observer (London) “Provocative and supremely readable. . . . Bracing as ever, [Armstrong] sweeps through religious history around the globe and over 4,000 years to explain the yoking of religion and violence and to elucidate the ways in which religion has also been used to counter violence.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) “Epic in scale . . . A comprehensive and erudite study of the history of violence in relation to religion . . . An intriguing read, useful resource and definitive voice in defense of the divine in human culture.” —Kirkus Reviews (starred review) “A well-written historical summary of what have traditionally been viewed as ‘religious’ wars, showing convincingly that in pretty much all cases it was not so much religion as it was political issues that fueled the conflict.” —Library Journal (starred review) “Armstrong again impresses with the breadth of her knowledge and the skill with which she conveys it to us.” —Booklist (starred review)

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About the Author

Karen Armstrong is the author of numerous books on religion, including The Case for God, A History of God, The Battle for God, Holy War, Islam, Buddha, and The Great Transformation, as well as a memoir, The Spiral Staircase. Her work has been translated into forty-five languages. In 2008 she was awarded the TED Prize and began working with TED on the Charter for Compassion, created online by the general public, crafted by leading thinkers in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. It was launched globally in the fall of 2009. Also in 2008, she was awarded the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Medal. In 2013, she received the British Academy’s inaugural Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize for Transcultural Understanding.  

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Product details

Paperback: 528 pages

Publisher: Anchor; Reprint edition (September 15, 2015)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0307946967

ISBN-13: 978-0307946966

Product Dimensions:

5.2 x 0.9 x 8 inches

Shipping Weight: 14.1 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.2 out of 5 stars

312 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#302,280 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Karen Armstrong should not need another introduction. She left behind her life as a Roman Catholic nun to devote a lifetime studying world religion, and she becomes one of the greatest religious scholars that has ever lived in the process. She is now, in her own words, a "freelance monotheist", and it is reflected in her careful, respectful and unbiased way of writting on every different religion. This book is another testament on this deep care and her range of knowledge on the subject matter. Fields of Blood seemingly discusses every single violence conducted in the name of religion, from ancient societies like the Summerians, the Assyrians, the Egyptians, the Greeks, Zoroastrians, Confucian, to the Abraham religion and the many religions in the Sub Continent, to the era of first secular states (the US and post-revolution France), until the rise of Zionism, the current "war on terror" era and the most recent rise of ISIS. Within this scope, she masterfully narrated on the politics, the struggles and the social interactions in each one of those eras, and explains us the gradual and intricate evolution of religion from the time religion, state and daily lives have not been separated yet, into the religion as we know it today.The book is so full of information and so airtight, however, that it can sometimes feel a little too complicated and unecessarily detailed. But I believe it is not meant to be memorised but rather to give us the big picture of how massively complex religious evolution is.As always, Ms Armstrong focused on the historical facts rather than the mystics or the folklores, and thus some may find the revelation in the book unsettling, such as the degree of editing the Bible experienced, or how Islamic Hadits were conveniently tailored, or the mysterious discovery of questionable scrolls containing the teachings of Moses for the Jews, despite the fact that during Moses' time in 8th century BC teachings were taught verbally rather than in writting - all of which have 1 underlying purpose: to match the rulers' political needs at the time. And this is the central thesis of the book, where all violence that are conducted in the name of religion are all ultimately man made. And the scripture-based justification that comes with them are nothing short of a political doctrine, not much different than the atheist doctrines by Hitler, Stalin and Mao.As Karen Armstrong herself puts it "terrorism is fundamentally and inherently political, even when other motives—religious, economic, or social—are involved. Terrorism is always about "power—acquiring it or keeping it." And so, according to one of the pioneering experts in the field, "all terrorist organizations, whether their long-term political aim is revolution, national self-determination, preservation or restoration of the status quo, or reform, are engaged in a struggle for political power with a government they wish to influence and replace."" Indeed, our main focus when it comes to religious violence should not be the religion, but what have happened in that specific occurance that created violence in the name of religion. And to that end, learning from this book, there seems to be a pattern where all root causes of violence eventually come from these 4 stages: 1. A group of minority are treated unfairly or even oppressed 2. A leader emerged among them to fight for their cause, which originally preach non-violence 3. Only to be crushed by those in power, pushing them further into the edge and force them to be radical 4. And so they launch their radical offensives, justifying their violent acts by (mis)quoting their Holy Book and fitting their oppressor into their doctrine (i.e. Infidels, the devil, etc).Karen Armstrong then elaborate, "the claim that the primary motivation of a terrorist action is political may seem obvious—but not to those who seem determined to regard such atrocious acts of violence as merely "senseless." Many of that view, not surprisingly, find religion, which they regard as a byword for irrationality, to be the ultimate cause." Questioning which religion is more violent than the other is, therefore, completely missing the point. Although she did admit that "this, of course, is not to deny that religion has often been implicated in terrorist atrocities." But nevertheless, "it is far too easy to make it a scapegoat rather than trying to see what is really going on in the world." There are thousands more words that can be written in this review, with thousands specific examples can be derived from this book. It is indeed the hardest review I've written so far, simply because there are so many great things about the book, and so many important points that I want to cover but could not possibly fit them all in just one short review. It is definitely one of my top 10 books to read to understand how the world really works. It is trully a masterpiece.

I enjoyed reading this scholarly effort and find myself in agreement with the author most of the time. She points out that while religion has often been blamed for wars and various other human evils, careful examination of historical facts clearly reveal that the root cause of war and other human acts of violence on large scales is politics. Religion, however, has often been waiting in the wings in the form of convenient ways to rally parts of society or to paint these acts with a sort of spiritual permission or encouragement. I gave the book 4 stars only because the author’s bias gradually became evident as the latter chapters evolved: those that discussed modern times. She was obviously quite critical of the US and its historical role in sowing the seeds of hatred in the middle east, particularly following 911, and even tacitly suggested that the US should have done nothing afterward in order to better counter terrorism. This chapter (Global Jihad) had a faintly apologetic feel to it, favoring the enemies of the US, referring to Bin Laden’s death, for example, as an “assassination,” and describing President Bush, with his “100 million evangelical Christians,” as having a “messianic streak.” She also too easily dismissed the role of Islam by pointing out that many of the more infamous terrorist attacks (including 911) have been carried out by people with little training or familiarity with the Quran. I was reminded of a limo ride I took from New York to New Jersey a few years after 911. My driver was Muslim and had been raised in Pakistan. We talked the whole way. At one point I asked him if he’s read the Quran. He told me that he hadn’t because he was illiterate, but he was a firm believer.

This ambitious work purports to examine "religion and the history of violence." I would recommend it for more than that, however. For its first 10 chapters (spanning the very beginnings of civilization to 1914), the book functions as a worthy introduction to world history for those who don't have the time to devote to the Durants' multi-volume "Story of Civilization." Yes, you do need to know a little about world history for this book to make sense, but anyone in college or later should be able to integrate it into their thinking.Armstrong's overall politics are clearly left-liberal, but she manages to fairly describe the role of religion in the majority of human history, when a sacred context was sought for all human activity. She describes how Western Enlightenment philosophers and European politicians turned religion into a private zone of inner beliefs and rarely action -- and then loses interest in the West. The last three chapters focus almost exclusively on the Middle East and South Asia as a sort of rebuttal to the received wisdom of unthinkingly pro-Western elites like Thomas Friedman and the early Andrew Sullivan.I frankly do not have time here to grapple with all the worthy arguments made in this book, although I have decided to join the discussion group at my father's church that reads one chapter a week, and may well use the book for a future discussion group at my own church. Armstrong's insight into the human condition is captured by this paragraph from the Afterword:"John Locke believed that the separation of church and state was the key to peace, but the nation-state has been far from war-averse. The problem lies not in the multifaceted activity that we call 'religion' but in the violence embedded in our human nature and the nature of the state, which from the start required the forcible subjugation of at least 90 percent of the population. As Ashoka discovered, even if a ruler shrank from state aggression, it was impossible to disband the army. The Mahabhrata lamented the dilemma of the warrior-king doomed to a life of warfare. The Chinese realized very early that a degree of force was essential to civilized life. Ancient Israel tried initially to escape the agrarian state, yet Israelities soon discovered that much as they hated the exploitation and cruelty of urban civilization, they could not live without it; they too had to become 'like all the nations.' Jesus preached an inclusive and compassionate kingdom that defied the imperial ethos, and he was crucified for his pains. The Muslim ummah began as an alternative to the jahili injustice of commercial Mecca, but eventually it had to become an empire, because an absolute monarchy was the best and perhaps the only way to keep the peace. Modern military historians agree that without professional and responsible armies, human society would either have remained in a primitive state or would have degenerated into ceaselessly warring hordes."The last sentence seems especially appropriate for Memorial Day -- we really do owe it all to the troops. Armstrong's last few chapters, particularly chapter 10, perfectly summarize how while many things have gotten better as a result of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, other things have gotten worse. The last three chapters argue that people in developing countries, especially those where the US is conducting military operations, owe their misery to the West and that we therefore reciprocally owe them some interest in their welfare and right to develop, according to the tenets of every religion in history. This sweeping review of the history of warfare, religion, and their relationship belongs on the bookshelf of anyone with an interest in these topics.

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PDF Download The Origins of Human Society

PDF Download The Origins of Human Society

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The Origins of Human Society

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Review

"Bogucki has succeeded admirably in his attempt to review the most up-to-date findings and interpretive issues in world prehistory ... This book will enlarge and modify our understanding of prehistory." Journal of World History

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From the Back Cover

The origins and development of human society are explored and illuminated in this compelling history. The book provides readers with an understanding of the evolution of humans and the cultures they established, from the first traces of humanity to the creation of early literate societies. The author examines how Homo Sapiens emerged as the sole-surviving human species and developed into modern humans. He provides a global account of prehistoric life and the roots of modern societies and empires. The major topics covered include the creation of hierarchical societies and hereditary ranking, the origins of language, the importance of agriculture, the evolution of tool-making, the development of religion, and the beginnings of war. The Origins of Human Society provides the essential foundation to the study of early civilization and reveals the origins of the major elements of modern human society and culture.

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Product details

Paperback: 496 pages

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition (December 20, 1999)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 1577181123

ISBN-13: 978-1577181125

Product Dimensions:

6.8 x 1 x 9.8 inches

Shipping Weight: 2 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.2 out of 5 stars

3 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#1,749,405 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

This is a very good overview of a very, very broad sweep of human history, essentially from the emergence of modern Homo to threshold of the emergence of civilizations. The main drawback of this book is that it was published several years ago and parts are somewhat dated, something predicted repeatedly by Bogucki at various points in the text. There is no mention, for example, of the recent discovery of additional hominin species like the Denisovans. Some areas discussed as controversial by Bogucki, such as an early horizon for human occupation of the Americas, have now apparently been settled.Given that this is a text on prehistory, Bogucki opens appropriately with a concise but useful discussion of the limitations of archaeological methods and problems in interpretation of findings. This involves some history of archaeology as a discipline but provides a good perspective on the subsequent historical recontructions. A short discussion of hominin evolution (unavoidably dated) follows. The remainder of the book is a chronologically ordered description of archaeological finds and interpretations of those finds to reconstruct the evolution of human societies across the wide swathe of time. This is relatively difficult because Bogucki has to cover findings in many regions. He does a nice job of highlighting particularly important sites/findings across the world.Bogucki avoids a purely descriptive approach by stressing some common themes. He discusses the basic social organization for much of human existence as a fairly egalitarian Pleistocence band, though he is careful to describe signficant changes in technology across this period. With the end of the Pleistocene, and the coming of the more fruitful and predictable climate of the Holocene, he argues that the Pleistocene bands gave way to smaller, family units (households) that would be the germ of future social developments. The gradual emergence of sedentism and agriculture, and ensuing changes, such as use of animals for more than food, generates what he refers to as transegalitarian societies with some social differentiation but not to the extent seen later. Some households eventually acquire significant power and hereditary distinctions occur, resulting "Chiefdoms" and other forms of unequal societies. These societies tend to be unstable and some subsequently generate states-civilizations. He is very good on the role of important technological innovations is these complex processes. The coverage of different regions is very interesting.

I have been hoping to find a book that would integrate archeological, genetic, linguistic and ethnographic evidence into a concise yet comprehensive overview of the history of our species. I thought perhaps I had found such a book here, but was wrong. This volume provides a good overview of the archeology of our genus, covering global developments over the past 2 million years. However, it does not integrate genetic or linguistic data well, though both speak to the topics the book attempts to address. While appreciating the author's apparent authority on European archeology, I was dismayed by the treatment of other topics. The question of the origins of our species, despite some opinions otherwise, has been settled in favor of a single origin about 150,000 years ago in Africa, but here the issue is discussed as an open question. Further, treatment of hunter-gatherers, such as views on the sexual division of labor, at times seems awkward in light of other work cited in the book (e.g. Kelly 1995). Such issues lead me to wonder if the author has accepted too much data uncritically; also, the rich archeological data base would be better integrated with the theoretical perspectives of evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology. Less critically, the book nicely summarizes archeological and ethnographic evidence bearing on types of human societies, such as chiefdoms. These types of societies, generally discussed in a sequence of increasing sociocultural complexity, are seen as signposts along processes of sociocultural change. It it these latter aspects that provide the book with its main advantages.

Coming to this book as a non-expert, I feared it might be a rather dry overview. But as a scholar fresh from the academic fray, Bogucki provides the general reader with a real sense of the excitement of current arguments and debates, offering what seemed to be very fair and conscientious summaries of other scholars' perspectives on key interpretive issues, such as the origins of inequality and the transition to agriculture etc.At the same time, he is frank about his own conceptual framework, which assumes that societies can best be understood in terms of the individual agents that constitute them, who are conceived as essentially self-interested. This methodological individualism contrasts with holistic approaches that grant more importance to larger social structures in understanding individual behavior and that therefore tend to see human nature as more variable and plastic over time. Because of his assumptions, Bogucki often seems to me to project back into prehistory very modern sounding individualistic motives. Pleistocene band society represents the constraining force of communism on risk-taking individualism. The post-ice-age "flexible foragers" become distant cousins of Eastern Europeans freed from communist constraints and able at last to exercise consumer freedom and possessive individualism. I felt at times that he was losing a sense of the historical distance between the prehistoric peoples and ourselves and regretted not getting a sense of their otherness especially as expressed in their cultural expression.

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